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<div class="container-fluid">
  
  <div class="d-flex align-items-center gap-2 mb-2">
    <span class="badge text-bg-primary">Vocabulary</span>
    <span class="badge text-bg-light border">Foreign Words</span>
    <span class="badge text-bg-light border">Expressions</span>
  </div>
  <p class="text-muted">
    Everyday English uses many <strong>foreign words and expressions</strong> from Latin, French and other languages, especially in academic, legal and formal writing.
  </p>
  <hr class="mt-3">

<div class="row g-3">
    <div class="col-12 col-lg-8">
      <div class="card shadow-sm">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h4 class="card-title mb-2">What are foreign words &amp; expressions?</h4>
          <p class="mb-2">
            A <strong>foreign word or expression</strong> in English is a word or short phrase taken from another language
            (often Latin or French) and used with a more or less fixed meaning. Many of them are common in exams, newspapers,
            legal documents and academic texts.
          </p>
          <div class="alert alert-info small mb-3">
            <strong>Quick idea:</strong> Treat them as <em>ready-made labels</em> for common situations—<span class="fst-italic">status quo</span> for
            “current situation”, <span class="fst-italic">ad hoc</span> for “for this special purpose”, etc.
          </div>

<div class="table-responsive">
            <table class="table table-sm align-middle">
              <thead class="table-light">
                <tr>
                  <th>Expression</th>
                  <th>Origin</th>
                  <th>Meaning</th>
                  <th>Example (usage)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><strong><em>ad hoc</em></strong></td>
                  <td>Latin</td>
                  <td>for this particular purpose; temporary</td>
                  <td>We formed an <em>ad hoc</em> committee to solve the issue.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><strong><em>status quo</em></strong></td>
                  <td>Latin</td>
                  <td>the existing state of things</td>
                  <td>The policy was kept to maintain the <em>status quo</em>.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><strong><em>déjà vu</em></strong></td>
                  <td>French</td>
                  <td>feeling that something has happened before</td>
                  <td>Walking into the hall, I felt a strange <em>déjà vu</em>.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><strong><em>vice versa</em></strong></td>
                  <td>Latin</td>
                  <td>the other way round; in reverse order</td>
                  <td>Teachers learn from students and <em>vice versa</em>.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </div>

<blockquote class="blockquote mt-3">
            <p class="mb-3">“Knowing key foreign expressions helps you read faster and write more precisely in exams.”</p>
            <footer class="blockquote-footer">Usage Tip</footer>
          </blockquote>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-4">
      <div class="card border-0 bg-light h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h6 class="text-uppercase text-muted">Key points</h6>
          <ul class="mb-2">
            <li>Many come from Latin and French.</li>
            <li>Often used in academic, legal and business writing.</li>
            <li>Usually written in italics in formal texts.</li>
            <li>Meaning is fixed; do not change the form.</li>
          </ul>
          <div class="small">
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">origin</span>
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">register</span>
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">precision</span>
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">exam focus</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-3">
    <div class="col-12">
      <div class="card shadow-sm">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h4 class="card-title mb-2">How Foreign Expressions Work in English</h4>
          <p class="mb-3">They often signal these aspects in a sentence:</p>

<div class="row g-3">
            <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-3">
              <div class="border rounded p-3 h-100">
                <h6 class="mb-1">Register</h6>
                <p class="small mb-2">They generally sound more formal or educated.</p>
                <ul class="small mb-0">
                  <li><em>summary</em> vs <em>résumé</em></li>
                  <li><em>existing state</em> vs <em>status quo</em></li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>

<div class="col-md-6 col-xl-3">
              <div class="border rounded p-3 h-100">
                <h6 class="mb-1">Precision</h6>
                <p class="small mb-2">They pack a longer idea into a short phrase.</p>
                <ul class="small mb-0">
                  <li><em>mutatis mutandis</em> – with necessary changes</li>
                  <li><em>per capita</em> – per head / per person</li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>

<div class="col-md-6 col-xl-3">
              <div class="border rounded p-3 h-100">
                <h6 class="mb-1">Domain</h6>
                <p class="small mb-2">Certain fields favour certain expressions.</p>
                <ul class="small mb-0">
                  <li>Law: <em>habeas corpus, bona fide</em></li>
                  <li>Business: <em>pro rata, per annum</em></li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>

<div class="col-md-6 col-xl-3">
              <div class="border rounded p-3 h-100">
                <h6 class="mb-1">Tone</h6>
                <p class="small mb-2">Some add a subtle attitude or emotion.</p>
                <ul class="small mb-0">
                  <li><em>faux pas</em> – embarrassing mistake</li>
                  <li><em>persona non grata</em> – unwelcome person</li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>

<div class="alert alert-warning mt-3 mb-0">
            <strong>Rule:</strong> Use foreign expressions <em>only when you are sure of the meaning and spelling</em>. In exams, clarity is more important than showing off.
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-3">
    <div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <div class="card h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">Mini Bank of Foreign Expressions</h5>
          <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 g-2">
            <div class="col">
              <div class="p-2 border rounded">
                <div class="fw-semibold">Latin (formal / academic)</div>
                <div class="small">
                  <em>ad hoc</em> – for this purpose<br>
                  <em>etc.</em> (<em>et cetera</em>) – and so on<br>
                  <em>i.e.</em> (<em>id est</em>) – that is<br>
                  <em>e.g.</em> (<em>exempli gratia</em>) – for example
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>

<div class="col">
              <div class="p-2 border rounded">
                <div class="fw-semibold">Latin (law / commerce)</div>
                <div class="small">
                  <em>bona fide</em> – in good faith, genuine<br>
                  <em>per annum</em> – per year<br>
                  <em>per capita</em> – per person<br>
                  <em>pro rata</em> – in proportion
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>

<div class="col">
              <div class="p-2 border rounded">
                <div class="fw-semibold">French (everyday writing)</div>
                <div class="small">
                  <em>déjà vu</em> – already seen / felt<br>
                  <em>faux pas</em> – social mistake<br>
                  <em>café</em> – coffee house<br>
                  <em>à la carte</em> – priced by item
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>

<div class="col">
              <div class="p-2 border rounded">
                <div class="fw-semibold">Other useful terms</div>
                <div class="small">
                  <em>alma mater</em> – one’s old school/university<br>
                  <em>vice versa</em> – the other way round<br>
                  <em>tour de force</em> – outstanding achievement
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p class="small text-muted mt-2 mb-0">
            Tip: Build a list of 20–25 expressions that frequently appear in exam passages and revise their meanings regularly.
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <figure class="border rounded p-3 bg-light h-100 d-flex flex-column">
        <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/640x360?text=Foreign+Words+%26+Expressions" alt="Foreign words and expressions concept" class="img-fluid rounded" loading="lazy" width="640" height="360">
        <figcaption class="small text-muted mt-2">
          Visual placeholder. Replace with your course image if needed.
        </figcaption>
      </figure>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-4">
    <div class="col-12">
      <h4 class="fw-bold">Practice</h4>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <div class="card shadow-sm h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">A) Multiple Choice (meaning of the expression)</h5>
          <ol class="mb-0">
            <li class="mb-2">
              The best meaning of <em>“status quo”</em> is:
              <div class="mt-1">
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">future plan</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">current situation</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">past condition</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">secret agreement</span>
              </div>
            </li>
            <li class="mb-2">
              The expression <em>“bona fide offer”</em> means:
              <div class="mt-1">
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">an illegal offer</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">a casual offer</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">a genuine offer</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">a repeated offer</span>
              </div>
            </li>
            <li class="mb-2">
              The phrase <em>“per capita income”</em> refers to:
              <div class="mt-1">
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">total national income</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">average income per person</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">income of workers only</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">income before tax</span>
              </div>
            </li>
          </ol>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <div class="card shadow-sm h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">B) Fill in the Blanks (use a suitable foreign expression)</h5>
          <ol class="mb-0 small">
            <li class="mb-2">
              The principal did not want to disturb the ________ in the college and kept the rules unchanged.
              <em class="d-block mt-1">(use: <em>status quo</em> / <em>vice versa</em>)</em>
            </li>
            <li class="mb-2">
              The scholarship will be distributed ________, depending on the number of days the students attended the camp.
              <em class="d-block mt-1">(use: <em>per capita</em> / <em>pro rata</em>)</em>
            </li>
            <li class="mb-2">
              The arrangement was made on an ________ basis and may not continue next year.
              <em class="d-block mt-1">(use: <em>ad hoc</em> / <em>bona fide</em>)</em>
            </li>
            <li class="mb-2">
              The mistake at the official ceremony was a major ________.
              <em class="d-block mt-1">(use: <em>faux pas</em> / <em>résumé</em>)</em>
            </li>
          </ol>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12">
      <div class="card">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title mb-2">C) Tiny code sample (mapping expression to meaning)</h5>
          <pre class="mb-0"><code>// Very small lookup for foreign expressions
const meaning = {
  "status quo": "existing state of affairs",
  "ad hoc": "for a particular purpose",
  "bona fide": "genuine, in good faith",
  "per capita": "per person"
};

// Example:
console.log(meaning["bona fide"]); // "genuine, in good faith"</code></pre>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-4">
    <div class="col-12">
      <div class="card border-0 bg-light">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">Short Reading</h5>
          <p class="mb-2">
            The university organised an <strong><em>ad hoc</em></strong> panel to review the
            curriculum. While some members wanted to maintain the
            <strong><em>status quo</em></strong>, others argued for a
            <strong><em>tour de force</em></strong> that would completely modernise the programme.
            The committee invited a <strong><em>bona fide</em></strong> industry expert to provide
            feedback on the proposed changes. The suggestions will be implemented
            <strong><em>pro rata</em></strong>, depending on the available resources.
          </p>
          <p class="small text-muted mb-0">
            Task: Explain each bold expression in simple English and identify whether it sounds formal or informal.
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-8">
      <details class="border rounded">
        <summary class="p-3 fw-semibold">Show Suggested Answers</summary>
        <div class="p-3">
          <h6 class="fw-semibold">MCQ</h6>
          <ol>
            <li><strong>current situation</strong> (status quo)</li>
            <li><strong>a genuine offer</strong> (bona fide)</li>
            <li><strong>average income per person</strong> (per capita)</li>
          </ol>

<h6 class="fw-semibold">Fill in the Blanks</h6>
          <ol>
            <li><strong>status quo</strong></li>
            <li><strong>pro rata</strong></li>
            <li><strong>ad hoc</strong></li>
            <li><strong>faux pas</strong></li>
          </ol>

<h6 class="fw-semibold">Reading – Meanings &amp; Register</h6>
          <p class="mb-0 small">
            <strong><em>ad hoc</em></strong> – for this particular purpose only (formal)<br>
            <strong><em>status quo</em></strong> – the current situation as it is (formal/neutral)<br>
            <strong><em>tour de force</em></strong> – an impressive, outstanding achievement (formal/ literary)<br>
            <strong><em>bona fide</em></strong> – genuine; in good faith (formal, legal/business)<br>
            <strong><em>pro rata</em></strong> – in proportion to something (formal, business/administration)
          </p>
        </div>
      </details>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-4">
      <div class="card border-0 bg-light h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h6 class="text-uppercase text-muted">Exam tips</h6>
          <ul class="small mb-0">
            <li>Underline/mark foreign expressions when reading passages and guess from context.</li>
            <li>Learn spelling carefully—accent marks may or may not appear in exam texts.</li>
            <li>Do not rewrite or “translate” them inside the answer; use them correctly or use simple English.</li>
            <li>In descriptive answers, prefer clear English, using foreign expressions only when they add precision.</li>
          </ul>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

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