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<div class="d-flex align-items-center gap-2 mb-2">
    <span class="badge text-bg-success">Vocabulary</span>
    <span class="badge text-bg-light border">One-Word Substitution</span>
  </div>

<p class="text-muted">Replace a descriptive phrase with a precise single word that matches sense, register, and context.</p>
  <hr class="mt-3">

<div class="row g-3">
    <div class="col-12 col-lg-8">
      <div class="card shadow-sm">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h4 class="card-title mb-2">What is one-word substitution?</h4>
          <p class="mb-2">
            A <strong>one-word substitution</strong> is a concise word that expresses the idea of a longer phrase.
            Good choices respect <em>meaning</em>, <em>tone/register</em>, and <em>collocation</em>.
          </p>
          <div class="alert alert-info small mb-3">
            <strong>Quick idea:</strong> Prefer the word you’d expect in real writing for that context (legal, academic, everyday).
          </div>

<div class="table-responsive">
            <table class="table table-sm align-middle">
              <thead class="table-light">
                <tr>
                  <th style="">Phrase</th>
                  <th style="">One word</th>
                  <th style="">Notes / Register</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>a person who fears/confines themselves to staying indoors</td>
                  <td><strong>agoraphobe</strong></td>
                  <td>Psychological term; use where appropriate.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>a speech in praise of someone (often after death)</td>
                  <td><strong>eulogy</strong></td>
                  <td>Formal/ceremonial context.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>a remedy for all difficulties or diseases</td>
                  <td><strong>panacea</strong></td>
                  <td>Often used figuratively (“no panacea”).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>one who hates humankind</td>
                  <td><strong>misanthrope</strong></td>
                  <td>Strong negative connotation; literary/formal.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>a government by a small group of powerful people</td>
                  <td><strong>oligarchy</strong></td>
                  <td>Political-science term.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>fear of enclosed spaces</td>
                  <td><strong>claustrophobia</strong></td>
                  <td>Clinical/neutral register.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>one who can use both hands with equal skill</td>
                  <td><strong>ambidextrous</strong></td>
                  <td>Everyday/neutral register.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>a person who loves themselves excessively</td>
                  <td><strong>narcissist</strong></td>
                  <td>Psychology/colloquial; be mindful of tone.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>something not allowing light to pass through</td>
                  <td><strong>opaque</strong></td>
                  <td>Also figurative: “opaque writing”.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </div>

<blockquote class="blockquote mt-3">
            <p class="mb-4">“The best single word is the one readers already expect in that exact context.”</p>
            <footer class="blockquote-footer">Usage Tip</footer>
          </blockquote>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-4">
      <div class="card border-0 bg-light h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h6 class="text-uppercase text-muted">Key points</h6>
          <ul class="mb-2">
            <li>Match <strong>sense</strong> precisely (avoid near-misses).</li>
            <li>Check <strong>register</strong>: formal, technical, neutral.</li>
            <li>Watch <strong>connotation</strong> (positive/negative).</li>
            <li>Prefer words that fit natural <strong>collocations</strong>.</li>
          </ul>
          <div class="small">
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">sense</span>
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">register</span>
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">connotation</span>
            <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-secondary me-1 mb-1">collocation</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-3">
    <div class="col-12">
      <div class="card shadow-sm">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h4 class="card-title mb-2">Useful Categories</h4>
          <div class="row g-3">
            <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-4">
              <div class="border rounded p-3 h-100">
                <h6 class="mb-1">People</h6>
                <ul class="small mb-0">
                  <li><strong>teetotaler</strong> — one who abstains from alcohol</li>
                  <li><strong>polyglot</strong> — person who knows many languages</li>
                  <li><strong>benefactor</strong> — one who gives aid (esp. money)</li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-4">
              <div class="border rounded p-3 h-100">
                <h6 class="mb-1">Behaviours/Traits</h6>
                <ul class="small mb-0">
                  <li><strong>altruism</strong> — selfless concern for others</li>
                  <li><strong>prodigal</strong> — wastefully extravagant</li>
                  <li><strong>parsimonious</strong> — extremely frugal</li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-4">
              <div class="border rounded p-3 h-100">
                <h6 class="mb-1">Institutions/Abstract</h6>
                <ul class="small mb-0">
                  <li><strong>anarchy</strong> — absence of government</li>
                  <li><strong>monogamy</strong> — marriage with a single partner</li>
                  <li><strong>amnesty</strong> — official pardon (group/period)</li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>

<div class="alert alert-warning mt-3 mb-0">
            <strong>Rule:</strong> If two words look right, test them in a sentence from the target domain (news/legal/academic).
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-3">
    <div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <div class="card h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">Common Pitfalls</h5>
          <ul class="mb-2">
            <li><strong>Near-synonym trap:</strong> <em>economical</em> (cost-effective) vs <em>economic</em> (related to economy).</li>
            <li><strong>Register mismatch:</strong> choosing <em>apprise</em> in casual chat → prefer <em>tell/inform</em>.</li>
            <li><strong>Scope error:</strong> <em>asylum</em> (protection) vs <em>sanctuary</em> (safe place; broader).</li>
          </ul>
          <p class="small text-muted mb-0">Check dictionary labels: formal/technical/archaic before substituting.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <figure class="border rounded p-3 bg-light h-100 d-flex flex-column">
        <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/640x360?text=One-Word+Substitution" alt="One-word substitution illustration" class="img-fluid rounded" loading="lazy" width="640" height="360">
        <figcaption class="small text-muted mt-2">
          Precision matters: sense + register + collocation.
        </figcaption>
      </figure>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-4">
    <div class="col-12">
      <h4 class="fw-bold">Practice</h4>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <div class="card shadow-sm h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">A) Multiple Choice</h5>
          <ol class="mb-0">
            <li class="mb-2">
              “a person who eats only plants”:
              <div class="mt-1">
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">omnivore</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">herbivore</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">carnivore</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">gourmet</span>
              </div>
            </li>
            <li class="mb-2">
              “one who doubts accepted opinions”:
              <div class="mt-1">
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">sceptic</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">zealot</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">stoic</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">ascetic</span>
              </div>
            </li>
            <li class="mb-2">
              “a record of one’s life written by oneself”:
              <div class="mt-1">
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">biography</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">autobiography</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">memo</span>
                <span class="badge rounded-pill text-bg-light border me-1">diary</span>
              </div>
            </li>
          </ol>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
      <div class="card shadow-sm h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">B) Match the Phrase → Word</h5>
          <div class="row g-3">
            <div class="col-sm-6">
              <ol class="mb-0">
                <li>a written false statement that damages reputation</li>
                <li>one who looks on the bright side</li>
                <li>a cure that seems to solve everything</li>
                <li>killing of one’s own kind</li>
                <li>a short, witty, instructive saying</li>
              </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="col-sm-6">
              <ol class="mb-0">
                <li>optimist</li>
                <li>panacea</li>
                <li>maxim</li>
                <li>libel</li>
                <li>fratricide</li>
              </ol>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p class="small text-muted mt-2 mb-0">Write the correct letter (A–E) against each number.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12">
      <div class="card">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title mb-2">C) Tiny code sample (formatting test)</h5>
          <pre class="mb-0"><code>// Return preferred substitution if present
const pickOneWord = (phrase) =&gt; {
  const map = { "praise speech": "eulogy", "cure for all": "panacea" };
  return map[phrase] || "—";
};</code></pre>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="row g-3 mt-4">
    <div class="col-12">
      <div class="card border-0 bg-light">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h5 class="card-title">Short Reading</h5>
          <p class="mb-2">
            The committee granted <strong>_____</strong> to first-time offenders, and the spokesperson delivered a moving
            <strong>_____</strong> to honour the retiring founder.
          </p>
          <p class="small text-muted mb-0">Task: Fill with precise one-word substitutions (formal register).</p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-8">
      <details class="border rounded">
        <summary class="p-3 fw-semibold">Show Suggested Answers</summary>
        <div class="p-3">
          <h6 class="fw-semibold">A) MCQ</h6>
          <ol>
            <li><strong>herbivore</strong></li>
            <li><strong>sceptic</strong></li>
            <li><strong>autobiography</strong></li>
          </ol>

<h6 class="fw-semibold">B) Match (key)</h6>
          <p class="mb-1 small">1 → D (libel), 2 → A (optimist), 3 → B (panacea), 4 → E (fratricide), 5 → C (maxim)</p>

<h6 class="fw-semibold">Reading</h6>
          <p class="mb-0 small">
            committee granted <strong>amnesty</strong>; spokesperson delivered a <strong>eulogy</strong>.
          </p>
        </div>
      </details>
    </div>

<div class="col-12 col-lg-4">
      <div class="card border-0 bg-light h-100">
        <div class="card-body">
          <h6 class="text-uppercase text-muted">Exam tips</h6>
          <ul class="small mb-0">
            <li>Verify the <em>domain</em> (medicine, law, psychology) before picking.</li>
            <li>Prefer widely accepted modern terms over archaic ones.</li>
            <li>Check connotation: neutral vs evaluative (e.g., <em>miser</em> vs <em>thrifty</em>).</li>
            <li>Read sample sentences to confirm natural usage.</li>
          </ul>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</div>

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